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    • 专利摘要:
    The present invention relates to a plant / Fabaceae plant association inoculated with symbiotic microorganisms. The plant association may be in the form of seed or as a veneer turf. The invention also relates to the use of the plant association for sodding of urban environments with high water and heat constraints and the grassing of vines and orchards.
    公开号:FR3024323A1
    申请号:FR1457564
    申请日:2014-08-04
    公开日:2016-02-05
    发明作者:Claire Serra-Wittling；Jean-Claude Cleyet-Marel
    申请人:Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement IRD；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a Fabaceae / Graminaceous plant association inoculated with symbiotic microorganisms and the use of this plant association for the sodding of urban environments with high hydric and thermal stresses. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In urban environments, natural turf not only offers an aesthetic interest, but is also a regulating and purifying element of the environment. Indeed, by the process of photosynthesis, lawns capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and produce oxygen (02). They also trap dust and reduce the amount of airborne particles. In addition, turf areas act as a clean water filter. Runoff from urban areas carries many pollutants such as lead, cadmium, copper, zinc or even petroleum, oils or accidental discharges from domestic and industrial sources. The grass filters these runoff waters through a very powerful natural filter: the felt, which is an organic layer near the soil surface and is made up of a mixture of stems and live and dead roots. In addition, the felt is the habitat of several bacteria and other microorganisms that degrade polluting chemical molecules, thus avoiding or limiting their migration to the water table. Turf is also excellent ground cover to reduce or prevent water and wind erosion. Turf also has a cooling effect, dissipating heat spikes in urban areas, through evapotranspiration. Finally, turf has noise reduction properties. Indeed, studies have shown that turf absorbs violent sounds much better than hard surfaces such as road surfaces, gravel or bare ground. However, the surfaces of cities subjected to heavy water and heat constraints, such as tram platforms, roofs and terraces, or the edges of roads, are extremely hostile environments for vegetation that is struggling to settle there and even more to stay there. The constraints are first of a technical nature: low substrate thickness, locally high temperatures, little or no watering, often low height of the required vegetation cover. Moreover, in addition to the specifications, economic requirements (low water cost, maintenance and fertilization), aesthetic (green aspect all year round), and environmental (reduction of inputs) are added. Artificial turf and synthetic turf are often used as alternatives to natural turf. However, given the advantageous properties of natural grass mentioned above, these alternatives are far from satisfactory. There is therefore still a need for new technologies that allow the sowing of urban surfaces with high water and thermal constraints, and that offer the same environmental and ecological benefits as a traditional natural turf. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In general, the present invention relates to a symbiotic plant / microorganism combination which makes it possible to rapidly generate an aesthetic, flush, perennial, heat-resistant and water-scarce plant cover, and which is not very demanding. Nitrogen and phosphate inputs. More specifically, the plant association comprises Trifolium fragiferum, a species of the Fabaceae family, inoculated with symbiotic microorganisms (atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria and, optionally, endomycorrhizal fungi) mixed with at least one species of the Gramineae family. This plant association represents an economically and environmentally sustainable alternative, and is of great interest in Mediterranean cities for the sowing of urban green spaces, tram platforms, green roofs and terraces, roadsides, gardens. private, but can also find application in agricultural area, for example, for the grassing of vines and orchards.
    [0002] Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a plant association comprising Trifolium fragiferum and at least one gram species selected from Cynodon dactylon, Festuca sp., Poa sp., Lolium sp., Agrostis sp., Phleum sp, Cynosurus sp., and Pennisetum sp., Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with at least one nitrogen-fixing bacterium and optionally with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus. Preferably, the nitrogen-fixing bacterium is Rhizohium leguminosarum bv trifolii. In certain embodiments, the endomycorrhizal fungus is selected from the genus Glomus sp., In particular Glomus intraradices, Glomus clarum, Glomus mossae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glonmus and unicatum, Glomus microaggregatum, Glomus claroideum, Glomus geosporum, and mixtures thereof. .
    [0003] In a particular embodiment, the plant association consists of Trifolium fragiferum and Cynodon dactylon, the Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with Rhizohium leguminosarum bv trifolii. In certain particular embodiments, the plant association consists of Trifolium fragiferum and Cynodon dactylon, the Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with Rhizohium leguminosarum bv trifolii and at least one endomycorrhizal fungus. In particular, the endomycorrhizal fungus may be chosen from the genus Glomus sp., In particular the species Glomus intraradices, Glomus clarum, Glomus mossae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus and unicatumum, Glomus microaggregatum, Glomus claroideum, Glomus geosporum, and mixtures thereof.
    [0004] In embodiments where the plant association is Trifolium fragiferum and Cynodon dactylon, the combination preferably comprises substantially as many trifolium fragiferum as Cynodon dactylon, i.e. a mixture of about 50 % -50%. In some embodiments, the plant combination according to the invention is in seed form. In other embodiments, the plant combination according to the invention is in the form of plants. In still other embodiments, the plant association is in the form of veneer turf. The veneer turf may be in the form of plates, rolls, slabs or carpets. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a seed comprising Trifolium fragiferum and at least one gram species selected from Cynodon dactylon, Festuca sp., Poa sp., Lolium sp., Agrostis sp., Phleum sp., Cynosurus sp., And Pennisetum. sp., Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with at least one nitrogen-fixing bacterium and optionally with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus, as described herein. In the seed, Trifolium fragiferum and the grass species are preferably in the form of seeds. The present invention also relates to a mixture comprising plants of Trifolium fragiferum and plants of at least one gram species selected from Cynodon dactylon, Festuca sp., Poa sp., Lolium sp., Agrostis sp., Phleum sp. , Cynosurus sp., And Pennisetum sp., Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with at least one nitrogen-fixing bacterium and optionally with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus, as described herein. In the mixture, the plants of Trifolium fragiferum and the plants of the grass species are at substantially the same stage of growth. The present invention also relates to a vine turf comprising plants of Trifolium fragiferum and plants of at least one graminaceous species selected from Cynodon dactylon, Festuca sp., Poa sp., Lolium sp., Agrostis sp., Phleum sp. Cynosurus sp., And Pennisetum sp., The Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with at least one nitrogen-fixing bacterium and optionally with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus, as described herein. The veneer turf is preferably pre-cultivated with a seed or a mixture of plants according to the invention. In a second aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the plant combination according to the invention, or a seed according to the invention, or a mixture of 15 plants according to the invention or a turf of plating according to the invention, for sodding a surface in an urban environment. In some embodiments, the urban area is selected from urban green spaces, tramway platforms, green roofs, vegetated terraces, roadsides, and private gardens. In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the plant combination according to the invention, or a seed according to the invention, or a mixture of plants according to the invention or a turf of veneer according to the invention, for the grassing of a surface in an agricultural zone. In some embodiments, the area in an agricultural area is selected from vines and orchards. In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of sodding, revegetation or grassing of a surface in an urban environment or an agricultural zone by means of a plant association according to the invention, or of a seed according to the invention, or a mixture of plants according to the invention or a plating turf according to the invention. In some embodiments, the urban surface is selected from urban green spaces, tramway platforms, green roofs, vegetated terraces, roadways, and private gardens. In some embodiments, the area in an agricultural area is selected from vines and orchards. A more detailed description of some preferred embodiments of the invention is given below. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As mentioned above, the present invention relates to a plant association which makes it possible to rapidly generate an aesthetic, flush, perennial, resistant to heat and lack of water vegetation cover, and not very demanding in nitrogenous inputs. and phosphates. I - Vegetable Association A plant combination according to the invention comprises Trifolium fragiferum and at least one given species of grass, Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with at least one nitrogen-fixing bacterium and optionally with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus. By "plant association" is meant here a combination of Trifolium fragiferum and the grass species according to the invention, where Trifolium fragiferum and the Gramineae species are intended to be grown together and at the same time on the same surface of ground or on the same sod in order to form a homogeneous plant cover. Trifolium fragiferum A plant combination according to the invention contains Trifolium fragiferum. Trifolium fragiferum is a clover. Clovers are annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants belonging to the genus Trifolium and the fabaceae (or legume) family. Clovers all have leaves with three leaflets often toothed. The numerous flowers are most frequently grouped in heads, sometimes in ears. The fruits are very small pods with one to four seeds contained in the calyx. There are a hundred species of clover in France. Trifolium fragiferum is one of them. - 5 - Trifolium fragiferum is also called strawberry clover, strawberry clover or strawberry clover. The plant owes its name to its globular infructescence evoking strawberry, due to the fact that the accrescent calyxes become vesicular. It is a perennial 10 to 30 cm, slightly hairy, pink flowers, growing in meadows and lawns or roadsides. Leaflets, oval, have an entirely denticulated outline. The horizontal stems take root in contact with the ground and the plant forms a vigorous ground covering. The flowering period of Trifolium fragiferum extends from May to September. Trifolium fragiferum occurs naturally throughout Europe (below 1500 meters altitude) except in arctic regions, as well as in South West Asia, Northern Africa, the Canary Islands and Madeira. Several cultivars have been developed, including "Salina", "Palestine", "O'Conners", and "Fresa". In the context of the present invention, Trifolium fragiferum present in a plant association may be of any variety or any cultivar. The person skilled in the art knows how to select the most appropriate variety or cultivar depending on the location (soil quality, climate, etc.) where the plant association must be used. Trifolium fragiferum is commercially available, for example from Phytosem Wild Seed Producer, Z.I. La Plaine de Lachaup, 05000 Gap, France. Grass A plant association according to the invention comprises at least one species of the family Gramineae (also called Poaceae or Gramineae). Preferably, the species of the Gramineae family present in a plant association according to the invention is a forage grass which constitutes grassland, peerage or lawn. More preferably still, the species of the Gramineae family present in a plant combination according to the invention is chosen from Cynodon dactylon, fescue (Festuca sp.), Bluegrass (Poa sp.), Ryegrass or ryegrass ( Lolium sp.), Agrostides (Agrostis sp.), Timothy (Phleum sp.), Cynosurus sp., And pennisetum (Pennisetum sp.). In certain preferred embodiments, the species of the family of grasses present in the plant combination according to the invention is Cynodon dactylon. Cynodon dactylon, also known as quackgrass, is a grass species of the Gramineae family. This species is used for making fairly rustic grass, requiring less maintenance than other species. It is a small, perennial, perennial plant that is particularly tolerant of heat and drought. It is undoubtedly of European origin, however today its distribution is worldwide. In some embodiments, the species of the graminaceous family present in the plant association according to the invention is a species of the genus Fetus (Festuca sp.). Fescue is a genus of grasses, many of which are grown as fodder. In the context of the present invention, the fescue is preferably selected from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina), sheep fescue (Festuca filiformis), durum fescue (Festuca trachyphylla), red fescue (Festuca rubra), red fescue (Festuca rubra rubra), semi-tracery red fescue (Festuca rubra tricophylla), and red grass fescue (Festuca rubra communata). In some embodiments, the species of the graminaceous family present in the plant association according to the invention is a species of the genus Pasurin (Poa sp.).
    [0005] Kentucky bluegrass is a genus of herbaceous plant of the family Poaceae. There are about 200 species. They are very common plants, very present in the meadows, hence their generic name. In the context of the present invention, bluegrass is preferably selected from Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), bluegrass (Poa nemoralis), bluegrass (Poa trivialis) and bluegrass (Poa palustris).
    [0006] In certain embodiments, the species of the graminaceous family present in the plant association according to the invention is a species of the genus Rye or ryegrass (Lolium sp.). Ryegrass is a genus of wild or forage-grown grasses from the warm temperate regions of the ancient world (Europe, North Africa, West Asia, and Indian subcontinent). There are about ten species of the genus Lolium, called in English ryegrass, hence the term "ryegrass", under which are more known in French the cultivated species. In the context of the present invention, ryegrass is preferably selected from English ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiforum), and hybrid ryegrass (Lolium X boucheanum).
    [0007] In certain embodiments, the species of the graminaceous family present in the plant association according to the invention is a species of the genus Agrostis (Agrostis sp.). Several species of this genus are frequently used in mixtures as fodder plants for grasslands and pastures. Other species such as bentgrass from Castilla, slender or common bentgrass and bentgrass are used for turfgrass and some sports fields (golf green). These species provide a very dense grass with fairly fine foliage. Thus, in the context of the present invention, the bentgrass is preferably selected from Castilian bentgrass, slender bentgrass and stoloniferous bentgrass. In certain embodiments, the species of the graminaceous family present in the plant association according to the invention is a species of the timothy genus (Phleum sp.), In particular the timothy fungus (Phleum nodosum) with fine foliage, and timothy (Pleum pratense) which has low growth. In certain embodiments, the species of the graminaceous family present in the plant combination according to the invention is a species of the genus Cynosurus sp., In particular the crestel (Cynosurus cristatus), a fairly common plant in the meadows and Woods.
    [0008] In certain embodiments, the species of the family of grasses present in the plant association according to the invention is a species of the genus pennisetum (Pennisetum sp.), In particular the kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) which is native to Africa central and is widely used as turf in the Mediterranean region. In the context of the present invention, the species of the family of grasses in a plant association may be any variety or of any cultivar. The person skilled in the art knows how to select the most appropriate variety or cultivar depending on the location (soil quality, climate, etc.) where the plant association must be used. Cynodon dactylon is commercially available, for example at Phytosem Wild Seed Producer, Z.I. La Plaine de Lachaup, 05000 Gap, France.
    [0009] Preparation of a Plant Association Inoculation of Trifolium fragiferum - Association plant / symbiotic microorganism. In a plant combination according to the invention, Trifolium fragiferum is inoculated with at least one nitrogen-fixing bacterium, and optionally with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus.
    [0010] Rhizobia, or rhizobia, are aerobic soil bacteria belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae. These bacteria have the ability to associate with plants of the leguminous family in a symbiosis which is translated, under limiting conditions into combined nitrogen, by the formation of particular organs in the roots (sometimes on the stems). . Within these particular organs (called nodules), the bacterium fixes the gaseous atmospheric nitrogen in a form that is directly assimilable by the plant. This symbiosis gives fabaceae the unique ability of large-scale plants to fix nitrogen from the air and feed on it. Symbiosis also allows bacteria to benefit from an exceptionally favorable micro-habitat; the fabaceae giving them a contribution in carbon substrates resulting from photosynthesis. The different species of rhizobial bacteria that are able to infect legume roots are specific to certain host plants. When these species are naturally missing or ineffective, it is possible to artificially introduce more efficient inocula into the plants. In the case of Trifolium fragiferum, the rhizobium bacterium capable of establishing a symbiosis is Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii. There are several strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii, including strain ATCC14480T (accession number EF113135). In the context of the present invention, Trifolium fragiferum is preferably inoculated with the type strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii ATCC14480T. The inoculation of Trifolium fragiferum can be carried out by any suitable technique known to those skilled in the art, the technique used not being a limiting factor of the invention. For example, the application of inoculum can be carried out at the time of sowing, by coating the seeds or supply in liquid form or mixed with a support. Alternatively, the application of inoculum can be carried out on plants of Trifolium fragiferum. When inoculation is carried out on Trifolium fragiferum plants, the plants can be cultured and the formation of nodules verified, before preparation of the plant association. Those skilled in the art know how to select the inoculation technique and the most appropriate inoculation conditions according to the desired result. In some embodiments, Trifolium fragiferum is also inoculated with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus. By colonizing the root system of plants, mycorrhizal fungi form with almost all plants a symbiosis called mycorrhiza. By exploring a greater volume of soil, through the mycelial filaments of the fungus, mycorrhiza allows the plant to better absorb water and different nutrients. In addition to helping plants to obtain nutrients, these symbiotic micro-organisms promote resistance to stress conditions (rainfall deficit, salinity, attack by parasites, etc.). Endomycorrhizal fungi naturally exist, but their functioning is not always optimal, especially in urban areas because of an insufficient number or a poor efficiency of symbiotic microorganisms present in the soil. It is possible to overcome these deficiencies by providing the plant, by inoculation, a significant amount of selected endomycorrhizal fungi. Preferably, Trifolium fragiferum present in a plant combination according to the invention is inoculated with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus chosen from the genus Glomus sp., In particular the species Glomus intraradices, Glomus clarum, Glomus mossae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus microaggregatum, Glomus claroideum, Glomus geosporum, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, Trifolium fragiferum present in a plant combination according to the invention is inoculated with a single species of endomycorrhizal fungus. In other embodiments, Trifolium fragiferum present in a plant combination according to the invention is inoculated with several species of endomycorrhizal fungi (also called cocktail). Association Trifolium fragiferum / Grass species. Within the plant association, Trifolium fragiferum and the grass species may be present in any proportion. For example, within a plant association, seeds (or plants) of Trifolium fragiferum and grass species may be present in a proportion of 5% -95% 10% -90%, 15% -85% , 20% -80%, 25% -75%, 30% -70%, 35% -65%, 40% -60%, 45% -55%, 50% -50%, 55% -45%, 60% % -40%, 5% -35%, 70% -30%, 75% -25%, 80% -20%, 85% -15%, 90% -10% or 95% -5%. Depending on the composition of the plant association (that is to say according to the nature of the Gramineae species or species present in the association), the person skilled in the art knows how to optimize the proportions for the formation of adequate plant cover. When the plant association consists of Trifolium fragiferum and Cynodon dactylon, it is preferable that these species be present in proportions of about 50% -50%, for example, between 40% -60% and 60% -40%. %, like 40-60%, 41% -59%, 58%, 43% -57%, 44% -56%, 45% -55%, 46% -54%, 47% -53%, 48% - 52%, 49% -51%, 50%, 51% -49%, 52% -48%, 53% -47%, 54% -46%, 55% -45%, 56% -44%, 57% -43%, 52%, 59% -41%, or 60% -40%. 42% - 50% - 58% - Vegetable Association The plant combination according to the invention can take any physical form, in which Trifolium fragiferum and the grass species are each under the same form of plant or part of a plant. . By "plant" is meant here a plant at any stage of development including: seed, embryo, or any other seedling stage or adult plant. By "plant part" is meant here plant cells, plant organs, protoplasts, calli, cell cultures and any other plant cells organized as functional and / or structural unit, seeds , leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, tubers, pollen, buds, cuttings, etc. In particular, the plant association may be in the form of seeds, seedlings or veneer turf. Seed In some embodiments, the plant combination according to the invention is in the form of seed. As used herein, the term "seed" refers to the seeds, or by extension of other reproductive organs (bulbs, tubers ...) that can be sown. Preferably, Trifolium fragiferum and the grass species are in the form of seed Plants In some embodiments, within the plant association, Trifolium fragiferum and the grass species are in the form of seedlings. As used herein, the term "plant" refers to a young plant, at the beginning of its growth, intended to be transplanted to its final culture site. This plant can be from seed, cuttings or another part of a plant (tuber, bulb, corme, etc.). Preferably, Trifolium fragiferum and the grass species are in the form of plants at substantially the same growth stage. Plating Turf In some embodiments, the plant combination according to the invention is in the form of plating turf. "Veneer turf" means grass pre-grown on a sod for several months and intended for transport to another location for the immediate and sustainable creation of a plant cover (turf or lawn). The grass of the plating turf according to the invention is precultured from seed or plants according to the invention.
    [0011] The veneer turf according to the invention can be of any geometric shape and this geometric shape can be of any size. For example, the veneer turf may be in the form of turf grass, turf grass, turf grass, paved turf, or grass turf.
    [0012] For example, a roll may have a length ranging from 2 m to 33 m, most frequently 2.5 m or 30 m, a width ranging from 0.40 m to 0.75 m, most frequently 0.40 m or 0.75 m and a thickness ranging from 1 cm to 3 cm. A plate can have a length of 0.98m, a width of 0.40m and a thickness of 3cm. II - Uses of the Vegetable Association A plant association according to the invention can find application in the sowing, greening or grassing of any surface where the presence of a plant cover (turf type) is desired, in particular any surface in a medium with high water and thermal stresses. The terms "sodding", "vegetation" and "weed" refer to the action of covering plants, especially herbaceous plants, bare or bare soil or substrate. The term "revegetation" is generally used for the establishment and maintenance of vegetation cover on or near buildings (eg roofs and terraces), while the term "grass" is used instead for setting up or the maintenance of vegetation cover in agricultural areas (for example between rows of vines or in orchards).
    [0013] The creation or establishment of a turf using a plant combination according to the invention can be done by any method known to those skilled in the art. For example, the implantation of a new turf can be done by seeding. Seeding consists of planting a new lawn by scattering seeds on the ground. In general, seeding should be done in spring or fall depending on climatic regions. Seeding techniques include broadcast seeding, mechanical seeding, hydroseeding or seeding, and seeding with compost. Each of these techniques applies to specific field conditions and requires appropriate equipment and procedures. Whatever the technique, the seeds are uniformly distributed over the surface to be seeded, so that they germinate in a synchronized manner or in the same period of time. Alternatively, the implantation of a new turf can be done by transplanting the plant association in the form of plants. Transplanting involves taking a young plant from its original location for replanting in the ground or in a substrate at the site of canopy formation.
    [0014] Alternatively, the implantation of a new grass can be done by sodding. Sodding is a method of planting new turf with turf plates or rolls (turf grass). This method promotes, among other things, rapid establishment, reduction of unwanted plant establishment and soil protection against erosion. Grass beds can be successfully planted in the spring, summer or fall. Operations during the establishment period, such as irrigation, fertilization, and mowing, are critical to planting, transplanting, or plating new turf. As is known to those skilled in the art, following the establishment of the turf, the various farming operations that are mowing, irrigation, fertilization, topdressing, aeration of the soil and defueling must allow to maintain a dense and healthy plant cover. Grassing or Vegetation in Urban Environment The plant combination according to the invention is particularly suitable for turfing in urban areas, particularly in urban areas with high water and heat constraints. Indeed, the inventors have shown that the plant association, in addition to not requiring external supply of nitrogen fertilizer or phosphate, is very resistant to water stress, which can significantly reduce watering - 13 - necessary . In addition, the horizontal development of plants of the plant association makes it a good groundcover requiring very little mowing. Finally, the presence of Trifolium fragiferum in the plant association ensures a satisfactory aesthetic appearance of the plant cover throughout the year.
    [0015] In urban environment, the plant association according to the invention can therefore be used for sodding any area where the presence of a lawn is desired, such as, for example, urban green spaces, tram platforms, green roofs. , vegetable terraces, roadsides, and private gardens. Grassing or Weeding in Agricultural Zone In agricultural zone, the plant association according to the invention can be used for the grassing of any surface where the establishment of a turf is desired, such as, for example, orchards and vines. Unless otherwise defined, all the technical and scientific terms used in the description have the same meaning as commonly understood by an ordinary specialist in the field to which this invention belongs. Likewise, all publications, patent applications, patents and all other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. Examples The following examples describe some embodiments of the present invention. However, it is understood that the examples are presented for illustrative purposes only and in no way limit the scope of the invention. Figure legends Figure 1: Development of plant association height, compared to grass used traditionally on the tramway platform.
    [0016] Figure 2: Visual aspect of the plant association Cynodon dactylon / Trifolium fragiferum at various proportions of each species. Figure 3: Nitrogen content of Gramineae and Trifolium fragiferum, alone or in combination after 1 year of culture without fertilization. - 4 - Figure 4: Phosphorus content of Gramineae and Trifolium fragiferum, alone or in combination after 1 year of culture without fertilization; Figure 5: Visual appearance of plant associations Cynodon dactylonlTrifolium repens and Cynodon dactylonlTrifolium fragiferum after a water stress of 2 weeks.
    [0017] Figure 6: Tension of water in the substrate without vegetative cover (bare soil), under vegetal cover of Cynodon dactylon 50% 1Trifolium repens 50% and under vegetal cover of Cynodon dactylon 50% 1Trifolium fragiferum 50%, from October 2013 to April 2014, without watering. Visual aspects of vegetation cover after 15 days water stress. Example 1: Plant Association Materials and Methods The experiments were conducted in trays of 80 x 120 cm (about 1 m2) and 20 cm in height, made using wooden extensions fitted on plastic pallets. The bottom was covered with canvas above ground. Substrate. The bins were filled to a height of 17 cm from a substrate identical to that used for line 3 of the Montpellier tramway, composed of 60% top soil, 20% pozzolan (particle size 15-20 mm) and 20% compost of green waste and MIATE (materials of agronomic interest resulting from water treatment). The physical analysis of the fraction less than 2 mm of the substrate (Table 1 below) shows a balanced texture. The addition of pozzolan increases the water retention as well as the lift of the substrate and therefore its resistance to trampling. Table 1. Granulometry of the sieved substrate at 2 mm. Particle size of the sieved substrate at 2 mm Clays (<2 iam) 21 Fine fines (2 to 20 iam) 20 Coarse fines (20 to 50 iam) 15 Fine sands (50 to 200 iam) 25 Coarse sands (200 to 2000 lm) 19 The chemical characteristics of the substrate (Table 2) show a high organic matter content, as well as a high total nitrogen content, due to the contribution of compost. The C / N ratio of 8.5 indicates a satisfactory decomposition rate of the organic material. The contents of nutrients P, K and Mg are also satisfactory. Table 2. Chemical analysis of the screened substrate at 2 mm. Organic material (g / kg) 66.9 Total nitrogen (g / kg) 4.60 C / N 8.5 pH 7.4 P2O5 (g / kg) 1,200 K2O (g / kg) 0.584 MgO (g / kg) 0,600 Plant Species Choice of Plant Species. - Tramway grass: a TOP GREEN brand mix currently used for the sowing of line 3 of the Montpellier tramway, consisting of: - 20% English Ray-Grass Greenway - 20% Red fescue Maxima tracer - 20% Red fetus Mystic tracer - 20% Red fescue Greenspray semi-tracing - 20% Red fetus Greenlight semi-tracing - Cynodon dactylon, wild genotype harvested in Montferrier-sur-Lez (Hérault). - Trifolium repens (white clover), commercial variety "Haifa" - Trifolium fragiferum (strawberry clover), wild genotype harvested in Montferrier-sur-Lez (Hérault). Mixture of Vegetal Species. These species have been used alone or in mixtures at various proportions.
    [0018] Table 3. Plant species studied and proportions in mixtures. Grasses Leguminous Grass Tram 100% Cynodon dactylon 100% Trifolium fragiferum 100% Grass Tram 75% Trifolium fragiferum 25% Cynodon dactylon 50% Trifolium repens 50% Cynodon dactylon 75% Trifolium fragiferum 25% Cynodon 50% Trifolium fragiferum 50% - 16 - Seed and Propagation. Grass mixtures were sown directly in the bins. The Cynodon was cut in buckets of 50 ml of substrate (50% horticultural compost, 50% fine vermiculite) and then grown in a greenhouse for 3 weeks. The clover seeds were sprouted on petriole agar for 1 week and then transplanted into 50 ml alveoli of substrate (50% horticultural compost, 50% fine vermiculite). The seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 4 weeks. Inoculums Bacterial inoculum. The seedlings of Trifolium repens and Trifolium fragiferum were inoculated 10 days after germination of the seeds with a liquid inoculum of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii (strain ATCC14480T) at a rate of 2 ml of inoculum at 107 bacteria / ml per seedling per cell of 50 ml of substrate. Mycorrhizal inoculum. A SYMBIVITO brand commercial inoculum was used when placing plants in the bins (sowing or transplanting) at a rate of 20 ml per transplanted plant or 1.9 1 / m2 for seedlings. The inoculum is composed of a cocktail of six mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus etunicatum, Glomus microaggregatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus claroideum, Glomus mosseae and Glomus geosporum and comprises 150,000 propagules / L. Watering. Four sprinklers were installed on each tank. The plants were thus watered at a rate of 4 L of water / m2 per day from planting (early July 2012) 20 until end of August 2012, then 4 L of water / m2 every 2 days until end October 2012. From November 2012 to March 2013 no irrigation was carried out. From April to October 2013, the bins again received 4 L of water / m2 per day. From November 2013 to March 2014 irrigation was suspended and resumed in April 2014 at a rate of 4 L of water / m2 per day. Results Figure 1 shows that the grass traditionally used on the platform of the Montpellier Tramway has a very high height, greater than 30 cm in 6 weeks after sowing. On the contrary, the height of the Trifolium fragiferumICynodon dactylon associations does not exceed 15 cm at the end of the period of time. In terms of shoot height, the Trifolium fragiferumICynodon dactylon 30 combinations inoculated according to the invention thus prove to be more advantageous than traditional turf and can significantly limit the number of clippings to be made on the platform. - 17 - Moreover, while in winter, Gramineae turn yellow or even look "doormat" in the case of Cynodon dactylon, Trifolium fragiferum remains green all year long and gives the plant cover an aesthetic color. even in winter (see Figure 2). The experimental results show that the winter aesthetic aspect is optimized with a proportion of 50% of Trifolium fragiferum and 50% of Cynodon dactylon in the vegetable mixture. The presence of Trifolium fragiferum inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii significantly increases the nitrogen content of grasses (see Figure 3). Indeed, the nitrogen content of the tramway's traditional turf is increased by 60% by the presence of 25% of inoculated Trifolium fragiferum; that of Cynodon dactylon increases by 56% in the case where Trifolium fragiferum is present at 25% in the mixture, and by 80% in the case where Trifolium fragiferum is present at a level of 50% in the mixture. The atmospheric nitrogen fixed by Trifolium fragiferum through bacterial symbiosis benefits not only clover, but also associated Gramineae due to rhizospheric transfer. The presence of clover thus allows the vegetal cover to develop and maintain itself autonomously, without external supply of nitrogen fertilizer. The same phenomenon is observed for the phosphorus content of plants (Figure 4). The presence of 25% clover increases the phosphorus content by 50% in turf and 70% in Cynodon dactylon. A proportion of 50% clover in the plant mixture doubles the phosphorus content of Cynodon dactylon. This can be explained by phosphorus mobilization phenomena in the rhizosphere: clover increases the availability of phosphorus from the substrate in favor of the grass. Example 2 Comparison of the Water Consumption of Plant Associations Trifolium fragiferum / Cynodon dactylon and Trifolium repensl Cynodon dactylon Materials and Methods Watering. Watering was carried out according to the diets and periods described above. Tensiometry. The water tension in the substrate was measured using Watermark tensiometric probes permanently installed in the culture tanks at a depth such that the upper part of the probe is about 3 cm from the surface of the water. substrate. The data was recorded with the Watermark Monitor - 18 - from October 2013 to April 2014. During this period the vegetation cover received no water intake except for precipitation. Results Figure 5 shows the visual appearance of the two types of associations after 2 weeks without watering in March 2013. In the absence of watering, the Cynodon dactylon I Trifolium repens association shows clear signs of wilting whereas that with Trifolium fragiferum is not affected. This result shows that the Cynodon dactylon I Trifolium fragiferum combination requires less water and can withstand longer periods of watering.
    [0019] The tension of the water in the substrate accounts for the availability of water for the plants. The higher the voltage, the lower the amount of water available to the plants in the substrate. In bare soil (Figure 6), the increase in tension in the absence of watering is due solely to natural evaporation. Under vegetative cover, the tension is higher because of the absorption of water by the plants. The tension of the water increases more rapidly under cover with Trifolium repens than under Trifolium fragiferum. At the end of February 2014, it reaches 100 Cbars under Cynodon dactylon / Trifolium fragiferum against 235 Cbars under Cynodon dactylon / Trifolium repens which confirms that Trifolium fragiferum consumes less water than Trifolium repens. Similarly, a voltage of 100 Cbar was reached on 19/02/2014 for Trifolium repens, and only on 24/02/2014, ie 5 days later, for Trifolium fragiferum. Trifolium fragiferum can withstand longer periods of watering. The combination Cynodon dactylon I Trifolium fragiferum is therefore very efficient in terms of water consumption and resistance to lack of water. Its use on the platform of the tramway allows for significant water savings. - 19 -
    权利要求:
    Claims (6)
    [0001]
    REVENDICATIONS1. A plant association in seed form comprising seeds of Trifolium fragiferum and seeds of at least one grass species selected from Cynodon dactylon, Festuca sp., Poa sp., Lolium sp., Agrostis sp., Phleum sp., Cynosurus sp. and Pennisetum sp., the seeds of Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizohium legurninosarum bv trifolii, and possibly with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus.
    [0002]
    2. The plant association according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one endomycorrhizal fungus is selected from the genus Glomus sp., In particular the species Glomus intraradices, Glomus clarum, Glomus mossae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glonmus and unicatum, Glomus microaggregatum , Glomus claroideum, Glomus geosporum, and mixtures thereof.
    [0003]
    3. The plant combination according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that it consists of seeds of Trifolium fragiferum and seeds of Cynodon dactylon, the seeds of Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with Rhizohium leguminosarum bv trifolii and optionally with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus.
    [0004]
    4. The plant combination according to claim 3, characterized in that the plant association comprises, in number, substantially as many seeds of Trifolium fragiferum as seeds of Cynodon dactylon.
    [0005]
    5. A plant association in the form of plants comprising plants of Trifolium fragiferum and plants of at least one grass species selected from Cynodon dactylon, Festuca sp., Poa sp., Lolium sp., Agrostis sp., Phleum sp. Cynosurus sp., And Pennisetum sp., The plants of Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Rhizohium leguminosarum bv trifolii, and possibly with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus.
    [0006]
    6. The plant association according to claim 5, characterized in that the at least one endomycorrhizal fungus is chosen from the genus Glomus sp., In particular the species Glomus intraradices, Glomus clarum, Glomus mossae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glonmus and unicatum, Glomus microaggregatum. , Glomus claroideum, Glomus geosporum, and mixtures thereof. -20-. The plant combination according to claim 5 or claim 6, characterized in that it consists of plants of Trifolium fragiferum and plants of Cynodon dactylon, the plants of Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with Rhizohium leguminosarum bv trifolii and optionally with at least an endomycorrhizal fungus. 8. The plant association according to claim 7, characterized in that the plant association comprises, in number, substantially as many plants of Trifolium fragiferum as plants of Cynodon dactylon. 9. A vine turf comprising Trifolium fragiferum plants and plants of at least one grass species selected from Cynodon dactylon, Festuca sp., Poa sp., Lolium sp., Agrosti.s sp., Phleum sp., Cynosurus sp., and Pennisetum sp., plants of Trifolium fragiferum being inoculated with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Rhizohium leguminosarum bv trifolii, and possibly with at least one endomycorrhizal fungus. 10. The sod turf according to claim 9, characterized in that the at least one endomycorrhizal fungus is selected from the genus Glomus sp., In particular the species Glomus intraradices, Glomus clarum, Glomus mossae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glonmus and unicatum, Glomus microaggregatum , Glomus claroideum, Glomus geosporum, and mixtures thereof. 11. The veneer turf according to claim 9 or claim 10, characterized in that the plating turf comprises, in number, substantially as many plants of Trifolium fragiferum as plants of Cynodon dactylon. 12. The sod turf according to any one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that said turf has been precultured from a seed plant association according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or from plant association in the form of plants according to any one of claims 5 to 8. 13. Use of a plant combination according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or a vine turf according to any one of claims 9 to 12 for sodding in urban areas, including green spaces, -21-tram platforms, green roofs, terraces, roadsides, and private gardens. 14. Use of a plant combination according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or a vine turf according to any one of claims 9 to 12 for the grassing of agricultural areas, including grassing vines and orchards. 15. A method of sodding or grassing an urban or agricultural area comprising a step of sowing the urban or agricultural area with a plant association according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or to be implanted in the urban area or agricultural turf veneer according to any one of claims 9 to 12. 16. The sodding or grassing method according to claim 15, characterized in that the urban area is selected from the green areas, the platforms of tramway, vegetable roofs, vegetable terraces, roadsides, and private gardens. 17. The sodding or grassing method according to claim 15, characterized in that the agricultural zone comprises vines or orchards. - 22 -
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    FR3024323B1|2017-04-07|
    WO2016020312A1|2016-02-11|
    引用文献:
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    CN110574522A|2019-10-11|2019-12-17|云南省草地动物科学研究院|Rhizobium pratense inoculation planting method|
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1457564A|FR3024323B1|2014-08-04|2014-08-04|ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL TURF|FR1457564A| FR3024323B1|2014-08-04|2014-08-04|ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL TURF|
    PCT/EP2015/067786| WO2016020312A1|2014-08-04|2015-08-03|Alternative to traditional turf|
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